Uruhare rwibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mubyuma byuma
1. Carbone na silicon: Carbone na silicon nibintu biteza imbere cyane gushushanya. Ibicuruzwa bihwanye na karubone birashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanura ingaruka zabyo muburyo bwa metallografiya hamwe nubukanishi bwicyuma cyumuhondo. Kongera karubone ihwanye na grake ya flake ihinduka nabi, kwiyongera kwumubare, no kugabanuka kwingufu no gukomera. Ibinyuranye na byo, kugabanya karubone ihwanye na byo birashobora kugabanya umubare wa grafite, gutunganya grafite, no kongera umubare wa dendrite ya austenite y'ibanze, bityo bikazamura imiterere yubukorikori bwicyuma. Ariko, kugabanya karubone ihwanye bizagabanya kugabanuka kwimikorere.
2.Manganese: Manganese ubwayo nikintu gikomeza karbide kandi ikabuza gushushanya. Ifite ingaruka zo gutuza no gutunganya pearlite mubyuma byumye. Mu ntera ya Mn = 0.5% kugeza 1.0%, kongera ubwinshi bwa manganese bifasha kuzamura imbaraga no gukomera.
3.Fosifore: Iyo fosifore iri mu cyuma kirenze 0,02%, eutectic ya fosifore irashobora kubaho. Ubushobozi bwa fosifore muri austenite ni buto cyane. Iyo icyuma gikozwe neza, fosifore ahanini iguma mumazi. Iyo gukomera kwa eutectic kurangiye hafi, ibice bisigaye byamazi bisigaye hagati yitsinda rya eutectic byegeranye na ternary eutectic (Fe-2%, C-7%, P). Iki cyiciro cyamazi gikomera kuri 955 ℃. Iyo icyuma gikozwe neza, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten na vanadium byose bitandukanijwe mugice cyamazi gikungahaye kuri fosifore, byongera ubwinshi bwa fosifore eutectic. Iyo fosifore iri mu byuma bikozwe cyane, hiyongereyeho ingaruka mbi ziterwa na fosifore eutectic ubwayo, izanagabanya ibintu bivangavanze bikubiye muri matrice y'icyuma, bityo bigabanye ingaruka z'ibintu bivangavanze. Amazi ya fosifore eutectic ni mushy hafi yitsinda rya eutectic rikomera kandi rigakura, kandi biragoye kuzuzwa mugihe cyo kugabanuka gukomeye, kandi casting ifite imyumvire myinshi yo kugabanuka.
4.Isukari: Igabanya umuvuduko w'icyuma gishongeshejwe kandi ikongerera imyuka yo guturika. Nibintu byangiza muri casting. Kubwibyo, abantu benshi batekereza ko hasi ya sulfure, nibyiza. Mubyukuri, iyo ibirimo sulfure ari .050.05%, ubu bwoko bwicyuma ntibukora kubisanzwe bisanzwe dukoresha. Impamvu nuko urukingo rwangirika vuba, kandi ibibara byera bikunze kugaragara muri casting.
5.Umuringa: Umuringa nikintu gikunze kongerwamo ibintu bivangavanze mugukora ibyuma byumukara. Impamvu nyamukuru nuko umuringa ufite aho ushonga (1083 ℃), byoroshye gushonga, kandi bifite ingaruka nziza. Ubushobozi bwo gushushanya umuringa bugera kuri 1/5 cya silicon, bityo birashobora kugabanya imyumvire yicyuma cyo kugira umweru. Mugihe kimwe, umuringa urashobora kandi kugabanya ubushyuhe bukomeye bwo guhinduka kwa austenite. Kubwibyo, umuringa urashobora guteza imbere isaro, kongera ibinini bya pearlite, no gutunganya pearlite no gushimangira pearlite na ferrite muri yo, bityo bikongerera ubukana nimbaraga zicyuma. Nyamara, uko umubare wumuringa urenze, nibyiza. Umubare ukwiye wumuringa wongeyeho ni 0.2% kugeza 0.4%. Iyo wongeyeho umubare munini wumuringa, kongeramo amabati na chromium icyarimwe byangiza imikorere yo guca. Bizatera ubwinshi bwimiterere ya sorbite kubyara muburyo bwa matrix.
6.Cromium: Ingaruka zivanze na chromium zirakomeye cyane, cyane cyane ko kongeramo chromium byongera ubushake bwicyuma gishongeshejwe kugira umweru wera, kandi guta byoroshye kugabanuka, bikaviramo imyanda. Kubwibyo, ingano ya chromium igomba kugenzurwa. Ku ruhande rumwe, twizere ko icyuma gishongeshejwe kirimo urugero rwa chromium kugirango hongerwe imbaraga nubukomezi bwa casting; kurundi ruhande, chromium igenzurwa cyane kurwego rwo hasi kugirango irinde gukina kugabanuka no gutera igipimo cyibisigazwa. Ubunararibonye gakondo buvuga ko iyo chromium yibigize icyuma gishongeshejwe kirenze 0.35%, bizagira ingaruka zica kuri casting.
7. Molybdenum: Molybdenum ni ikintu gisanzwe kigizwe ningingo nini ya pearlite ikomeye. Irashobora gutunganya igishushanyo mbonera. Iyo ωMo <0.8%, molybdenum irashobora gutunganya pearlite no gukomeza ferrite muri pearlite, bityo bikazamura neza imbaraga nubukomezi bwicyuma.
Ibibazo byinshi mubyuma byumukara bigomba kwitonderwa
1.Kongera ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa kwagura igihe cyo gufata birashobora gutuma ingirabuzimafatizo zisanzwe zishonga zishonga cyangwa bikagabanya imikorere yazo, bikagabanya umubare wibinyampeke bya austenite.
2.Titanium ifite ingaruka zo gutunganya austenite yibanze mumyuma yumukara. Kuberako titanium karbide, nitride, na karubone irashobora kuba ishingiro rya nucleation ya austenite. Titanium irashobora kongera intandaro ya austenite no gutunganya ibinyampeke bya austenite. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo hari Ti irenze mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, S mu cyuma izakorana na Ti aho kuba Mn ikora uduce twa TiS. Igishushanyo mbonera cya TiS ntabwo gikora neza nka MnS. Kubwibyo, gushiraho eutectic graphite core biratinda, bityo bikongerera igihe cyimvura ya austenite yibanze. Vanadium, chromium, aluminium, na zirconium bisa na titanium kuko byoroshye gukora karbide, nitride, na karubone, kandi bishobora guhinduka intanga za austenite.
3.Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye mu ngaruka ziterwa na inoculants zitandukanye ku mubare wa cluster ya eutectic, itunganijwe muburyo bukurikira: CaSi> ZrFeSi> 75FeSi> BaSi> SrFeSi. FeSi irimo Sr cyangwa Ti igira ingaruka nke kumubare wa eutectic cluster. Inoculants irimo isi idasanzwe igira ingaruka nziza, kandi ingaruka zirahambaye cyane iyo zongeweho zifatanije na Al na N. Ferrosilicon zirimo Al na Bi zirashobora kongera cyane umubare wibice bya eutectic.
4. Ibinyampeke bya grafite-austenite ibyiciro bibiri byo gukura kwa symbiotic byakozwe na nuclei ya grafite nkuko ikigo cyitwa eutectic clusters. Submicroscopic graphite igiteranyo, ibisigisigi bya grafite bisigara bidashongeshejwe, amashami yibanze ya grake ya flake, ibice byinshi byo gushonga hamwe na gaze irimo ibyuma bishongeshejwe kandi bishobora kuba intandaro ya eutectic grafite nayo yibanze kumasoko ya eutectic. Kubera ko nucleus ya eutectic ari yo ntangiriro yo gukura kwa cluster ya eutectic, umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic ugaragaza umubare wimikorere ishobora gukura muri grafite mumazi ya eutectic. Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumubare wa eutectic cluster harimo ibigize imiti, imiterere yibanze yicyuma gishongeshejwe nigipimo cyo gukonja.
Ingano ya karubone na silikoni mubigize imiti bifite uruhare runini. Iyo hafi ya karubone ihwanye nuburinganire bwa eutectic, niko cluster ya eutectic ihari. S nikindi kintu cyingenzi kigira ingaruka kuri eutectic cluster ya gray castre. Ibirimo sulfure nkeya ntabwo bifasha kongera cluster ya eutectic, kubera ko sulfide iri mucyuma gishongeshejwe nikintu cyingenzi cyibanze cya grafite. Byongeye kandi, sulfure irashobora kugabanya ingufu zintera hagati yimiterere ya heterogeneous na melt, kugirango core nyinshi zishobore gukora. Iyo W (S) iri munsi ya 0,03%, umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic uragabanuka cyane, kandi ingaruka zo guterwa ziragabanuka.
Iyo igice kinini cya Mn kiri muri 2%, ingano ya Mn iriyongera, kandi umubare wa eutectic cluster wiyongera ukurikije. Nb biroroshye kubyara karubone na azote mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, ikora nka grafite ya grafite kugirango yongere cluster ya eutectic. Ti na V bigabanya umubare wa eutectic cluster kuko vanadium igabanya ubukana bwa karubone; titanium ifata byoroshye S muri MnS na MgS kugirango ikore titanium sulfide, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwa nucleation ntabwo bukora neza nka MnS na MgS. N mubyuma bishongeshejwe byongera umubare wa eutectic cluster. Iyo ibirimo N biri munsi ya 350 x10-6, ntabwo bigaragara. Nyuma yo kurenza agaciro runaka, supercooling iriyongera, bityo ikongera umubare wa eutectic cluster. Oxygene mu cyuma gishongeshejwe byoroshye gukora oxyde zitandukanye nka cores, bityo uko ogisijeni yiyongera, umubare wa eutectic cluster ukiyongera. Usibye ibigize imiti, imiterere yibanze ya eutectic gushonga nikintu gikomeye kigira ingaruka. Kugumana ubushyuhe bwinshi no gushyuha cyane igihe kirekire bizatera intangiriro yumwimerere kuzimira cyangwa kugabanuka, kugabanya umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic, no kongera diameter. Kuvura inshinge birashobora guteza imbere imiterere yibanze no kongera umubare wa eutectic cluster. Igipimo cyo gukonja gifite ingaruka zigaragara cyane kumubare wa eutectic cluster. Byihuse gukonja, niko eutectic cluster ihari.
5.Umubare w'amatsinda ya eutectic yerekana mu buryo butaziguye ubunini bw'intete za eutectic. Muri rusange, ibinyampeke byiza birashobora kunoza imikorere yibyuma. Hashingiwe kubintu bimwe bya chimique hamwe nubwoko bwa grafite, uko umubare wibice bya eutectic wiyongera, imbaraga za tensile ziriyongera, kubera ko impapuro za grafite mumasoko ya eutectic ziba nziza nkuko umubare wibice bya eutectic wiyongera, byongera imbaraga. Ariko, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa silicon, umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic wiyongera cyane, ariko imbaraga ziragabanuka aho; imbaraga zicyuma ziyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe bukabije (kugeza 1500 ℃), ariko muriki gihe, umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic uragabanuka cyane. Isano iri hagati y amategeko yo guhindura umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic yatewe no kuvura igihe kirekire no kwiyongera kwingufu ntabwo buri gihe bigenda. Imbaraga zabonetse mukuvura inshinge hamwe na FeSi zirimo Si na Ba zirenze izabonetse hamwe na CaSi, ariko umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic yicyuma ni make cyane ugereranije na CaSi. Kwiyongera kwumubare wamatsinda ya eutectic, kugabanuka kwicyuma cyiyongera. Kugirango wirinde ko habaho kugabanuka mubice bito, umubare wamatsinda ya eutectic ugomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 300 ~ 400 / cm2.
6. Ongeramo ibintu bivanze (Cr, Mn, Mo, Mg, Ti, Ce, Sb) biteza imbere supercooling mumashanyarazi yashushanyije birashobora kuzamura urwego rwa supercooling yicyuma, gutunganya ingano, kongera ingano ya austenite no guteza imbere ishingwa. pearlite. Ibintu byongeweho byongeweho ibintu (Te, Bi, 5b) birashobora kwamamazwa hejuru ya nuclei ya grafite kugirango igabanye imikurire ya grafite kandi igabanye ingano ya grafite, kugirango tugere ku ntego yo kunoza imiterere yimashini yuzuye, kunoza uburinganire, no kongera amabwiriza yubuyobozi. Iri hame ryakoreshejwe mubikorwa byo gukora ibyuma bya karubone nyinshi (nkibice bya feri).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-05-2024
